Answer:
Impact of three factors:
1) non-human organisms--what Alfred Crosby called "the Columbian exchange"--microbes, plants, animals introduced from Europe (and Africa) to the Western hemisphere
2) trade-- European ways of valuing commodities altered Native American economy and ecology
3) settlement patterns--permanent European settlements in North America reshaped land in accordance with Old World ideals.
Explanation:
already given in the top
